To understand how metrics work in Observe by Snowflake, we can walk through a tutorial sequence of creating, ingesting, shaping, and viewing metrics.

Create metrics

The process data on a Unix system, such as a macOS laptop or Linux EC2 instance, can be used as a metric source.
Use the shell script to send data from ps to Observe by Snowflake every five seconds as a Datastream called metrics-test. Before you convert it to JSON, the original ps output looks something like this:

As the data is ingested into a Datastream, Observe by Snowflake adds a timestamp, an ingest type, and metadata about the Datastream. In this example, the process data is in FIELDS as a JSON object:

Since you perform most of the shaping with OPAL, the walkthrough focuses on verbs and functions rather than UI actions.

The first step to converting the Datastream into metrics is shaping the data using OPAL.

1. Open a new Worksheet for the existing metrics-test event dataset.

2. In the OPAL console, extract the necessary fields with flatten_leaves, pick_col, and
   extract_regex.

   {
   \d+)\s+(?P

The reformatted data now looks like the following:

Note that you could also extract fields with a regex from the UI by selecting Extract from text from the column menu and using the Custom regular expression method. Although the other steps still require writing OPAL statements.

1. Shape into narrow metrics:

   <OpalCodeBlock
   code={
   `// Create a new object containing the desired values,
   // along with more verbose metric names
   make_col metrics:make_object("resident_set_size":rss, "cumulative_cpu_time":cputimes, "cpu_utilization":pcpu)

   // Flatten that metrics object to create one row for each value
   flatten_leaves metrics

   // Select the desired fields, renaming in the process
   // Also convert the value to float64, necessary for metric values
   pick_col valid_from:BUNDLE_TIMESTAMP,
   pid, command,
   metric:string(_c_metrics_path), valu

   After shaping, it appears like this:

   valid_from	pid	command	metric	value
   02/24/21 16:14:03.151	1	systemd	cpu_utilization	2.0
   02/24/21 16:14:03.151	1	systemd	resident_set_size	12752
   02/24/21 16:14:03.151	1	systemd	cumulative_cpu_time	1
   02/24/21 16:14:03.151	2	kthreadd	cpu_utilization	0.0
   02/24/21 16:14:03.151	2	kthreadd	resident_set_size	0
   02/24/21 16:14:03.151	2	kthreadd	cumulative_cpu_time	0
   02/24/21 16:14:03.151	3	rcu_gp	cpu_utilization	0.0
   02/24/21 16:14:03.151	3	rcu_gp	resident_set_size	0
   02/24/21 16:14:03.151	3	rcu_gp	cumulative_cpu_time	0

2. Register an interface to identify this dataset as containing metrics data:

   <OpalCodeBlock
   code={
   `// Metric names are in field "metric", values in "value"
   interface "metr

   An interface "metric" statement tells Observe by Snowflake several important things about a Dataset:

   This is a narrow metric Dataset, each row representing one metric point. The values in field metric contains the metric names, such as cpu_utilization.
   * The values in field value contains the metric values, such as 2.0.
   * The values in valid_from contains the time of the observation
   * The other fields (pid and command) contain tags that provide additional context

3. Save the shaped data as a new Dataset.

   After shaping the data, save the results by publishing a new event stream. This creates a new Dataset containing the metric events and allows them to be used by other Datasets and Worksheets.

   In the right menu, click Publish New Event Stream and give the new Dataset a name. For this example, you name it process/linux-process-metrics to create the dataset in a new process package. Click Publish to save.

4. View the metrics in Observe by Snowflake.

   Now that you identified that the dataset contains metrics, Observe by Snowflake discovers the individual metrics without further shaping. This process takes a few minutes, after which you can find the new metrics in the Metrics tab of the Explore page.

5. Search for the package process to view only the metrics for this package. Click on a metric to view the details:

Advanced metric shaping

If auto-detected metrics incorrectly handle your data, you may also explicitly define the metrics of interest with the set_metric verb.

For example:

set_metric options(type:"cumulativeCounter", unit:"bytes", description:"Ingress reported from somewhere"), "ingress_bytes"

This statement registers the metric ingress_bytes as a cumulativeCounter, aggregating over time as a rate and across multiple tags as a sum. To learn more about allowed values for the rollup and aggregate options, see the OPAL verb documentation for set_metric. See Units of measurement for unit sizes and descriptions.

Observe by Snowflake is also able to pre-aggregate derived metrics; see Shape aggregated metrics for this tutorial.